1. Ukuhambisa amanzi

Xa okuqinileyo kunxibelelana nolwelo, oqobo / oqinileyo wegesi kunye nolwelo / ujongano lwegesi luyanyamalala kwaye kuyenziwa into entsha eqinileyo / yolwelo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kukumanzi. Umzekelo, ifayibha yempahla eyomileyo enendawo enkulu. Xa isisombululo sisasazeka kunye nefayibha, iya kungena umsantsa phakathi kwemicu kwaye ikhuphe umoya, ijika imeko yomoya / ifayibha yoqobo ibe yindawo yolwelo / ifayibha. Yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokumanzisa; Ngelixa isisombululo siza kungena kwifayibha ngaxeshanye, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kukungena. Izinto ezingafunekiyo ezinceda ukumanzisa kunye nokungena zibizwa ngokuba zii-wetting agents kunye neepenetrants.

2. Ukunyanzeliswa

I-Emulsification ibhekisa kwiziselo ezingafunekiyo ezibini (ezinje ngeoyile kunye namanzi), enye yazo yenziwa ngokusasaza amasuntswana amancinci ngokulinganayo (ubukhulu bamasuntswana 10-8 ~ 10-5m) kolunye ulwelo Indima yeemulsion. Amaconsi e-oyile asasazeka emanzini abizwa ngokuba yi-oyile-in-water emulsions (O / W), kwaye amathontsi amanzi asasazeke kwioyile abizwa ngokuba ngamanzi-kwioyile emulsions (W / O). Izinto ezingafunekiyo ezinokunceda i-emulsification ibizwa ngokuba yi-emulsifiers. Izinto zokuphamba ezisetyenziswa njengee-emulsifiers zinemisebenzi emibini: ukuzinzisa kunye nokukhuseleka.

 

(1) ukuzinzisa

I-emulsifier inefuthe lokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi phakathi kwezi zilwelo zimbini ukuzinzisa inkqubo exubeneyo. Kungenxa yokuba xa i-oyile (okanye amanzi) isasazwa yangamasuntswana amancinci emanzini (okanye ioyile), indawo yokunxibelelana phakathi kwabo iyandiswa, kukhokelela ekwandeni kumandla amandla enkqubo kunye nakwimeko engazinzanga. Xa i-emulsifier yongezwa, iqela le-lipophilic le-molecule ye-emulsifier lifakwe kumgangatho we-oyile ye-droplet ngelixa iqela le-hydrophilic linwenwela emanzini, kwaye lilungelelaniswe kumphezulu wedrophu yeoyile ukwenza ifilimu ye-molecular hydrophilic, ethi kunciphisa uxinzelelo lweoyile / lwamanzi, olwehlisa inqanaba lamandla enkqubo kwaye linciphise umtsalane phakathi kwamathontsi eoyile, ukuthintela amathontsi eoyile ekuqokeleleni nasekuphindeni ahlukane abe ngamacandelo amabini.

(2) Ukukhuselwa

Ifilimu ejolise kwimolekyuli eyenziwe ngumntu osebenza ngaphezulu kumathontsi eoyile yifilimu eyomeleleyo ekhuselayo enokuthintela amathontsi eoyile ukuba angqubane kwaye aqokeleleke. Ukuba yifilimu ye-molekyuli esekwe kumatshini eyenziwe yi-ionic surfactant, amathontsi eoyile aya kuhlawuliswa ngohlobo olufanayo lwentlawulo, oluya kukonyusa ukuphindaphinda kunye nokukhusela amathontsi eoyile ekuhlanganiseni ngexesha lokungqubana rhoqo.

 

3.washing isiphumo sokungcola

Ngenxa yesiphumo se-emulsification ye-surfactant, i-grease kunye ne-particle ye-uchafu ehlukaniswe nomphezulu oqinileyo inokukhutshelwa ngokuzinzileyo kwaye isasazeke kwisisombululo esinamandla, kwaye ayisayi kuphinda ifakwe kumhlaba ocociweyo ukwenza ungcoliseko kwakhona.

Inkqubo yokususa ioyile engamanzi kumphezulu ichazwe apha ngezantsi ukubonisa indima yendalo. Amabala oyile olwelo ekuqaleni asasazeka kumphezulu oqinileyo. Xa ii-surfactants zongezwa, ngenxa yokuxinana komphezulu wayo ophantsi, isisombululo esinamanzi esisasazekayo sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kumhlaba oqinileyo kwaye simanzisa iziqina, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe sithathe indawo yeoyile. Amabala e-oyile asasazeka kumphezulu oqinileyo ngokuthe ngcembe ajika abe ngamathontsi eoyile (i-engile yokunxibelelana inyuka ngokuthe ngcembe, itshintsha ukusuka ekumanziseni iye ekumanziseni).

 

Ukusasazeka kwe-4

Inkqubo yokusasaza okuqinileyo okunganyibilikiyo kwisisombululo esinamasuntswana amancinci ukwenza ukumiswa kuthiwa kukusasazeka. Umntu osebenza emanzini okhuthaza ukusasazeka kwezinto eziqinileyo kunye nokwenza ukumiswa okuzinzileyo kuthiwa kukusasazeka. Ngapha koko, xa ioyile esisiqingatha esiqinileyo isuswe emulsified yaza yasasazeka kwisisombululo, kunzima ukwahlula ukuba inkqubo ethile yi-emulsification okanye i-dispersion, kwaye i-emulsifier kunye ne-dispersant zihlala ziyinto enye, ke zibeke zombini zisetyenziswe. Ukugxotha kunye nokusabalalisa iarhente.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kwabasasazi ngokufanayo uyafana nalowo weemulsifiers. Umahluko kukuba amasuntswana aqinileyo asasazekileyo ngokubanzi azinzi kangako kunamathontsi emulsified.

 

5.foaming

Imeko yerhasi esasazeke kulwelo ibizwa ngokuba bubble. Ukuba ulwelo oluthile kulula ukwenza ifilimu kwaye akukho lula ukuyaphula, ulwelo luya kuvelisa amaqamza amaninzi xa ushukunyiswa. Emva kokuba i-foam ivelisiwe, indawo yegesi / yolwelo kwinkqubo inyuswe kakhulu, isenza ukuba inkqubo ingazinzi, ngoko ke amagwebu kulula ukugqabhuka. Xa i-surfactant yongezwa kwisisombululo, iimolekyuli ezisebenza ngokukuko ziyadityaniswa kwi-interface yegesi / yolwelo, enganciphisi kuphela uxinzelelo lomhlaba phakathi kweerhasi / izigaba zolwelo, kodwa ikwenze ifilimu ye-monomolecular enamandla athile oomatshini ukwenza amagwebu kunzima ukugqabhuka.

Izisombululo zamanzi ezinamanzi zinamaqondo ahlukeneyo empembelelo. Ngokubanzi, ii-anionic surfactants zineempawu ezinamandla ezinamagwebu, ngelixa ii-nonionic surfactants zineepropathi ezibuthathaka zokwenza amagwebu, ngakumbi xa zisetyenziswe ngaphezulu kwenqaku lelifu.

Ngenxa yokuba umphezulu wegwebu unefuthe elomeleleyo lokukhangela ubumdaka, ukuqina kokuhlamba kuyaphuculwa, kwaye kunokuthintela ubumdaka ekubuyiseleni kwakhona kumphezulu wento. Ke ngoko, abantu bahlala becinga ukuba iisepha ezineepropathi ezilungileyo ezinamagwebu zinamandla okuqaqamba. Ke ngoko, iisepha ezininzi zamanzi ziya kunciphisa uxinzelelo lwempompo yejeti kwaye azilungelanga ukuhlanjwa. Ke ngoko, iintlobo ezine-ionic eziphantsi ezinegwebu kufuneka zisetyenziswe kule meko. Ukudibana.

 

6.ulungelelaniso

I-Solubilization ibhekisa kwisiphumo sabasebenza ngokusebenza ukuze bandise ukunyibilika kwezinto ezinganyibilikiyo okanye ezingenakunyibilika emanzini. Umzekelo, ukunyibilika kwe-benzene emanzini yi-0.09% (iqhezu levolumu). Ukuba ii-surfactants (ezinjenge-sodium oleate) zongezwa, ukunyibilika kwe-benzene Inokunyuswa iye kwi-10%.

Iziphumo zokunyibilikisa azinakwahlulwa kwii-micelles ezenziwe ngabantu abasebenza emanzini. I-Micelles zii-micelles ezenziwe ngamaketanga e-hydrocarbon kwiimolekyuli ezinamandla ezihamba zisondela kunye kwisisombululo esinamandla ngenxa yokuhlangana kwe-hydrophobic. Ingaphakathi le-micelle ngenene yi-hydrocarbon engamanzi, ngenxa yoko izinyibilikisi ezingekho polar ezifana ne-benzene kunye neoyile yamaminerali enganyibilikiyo emanzini kulula ukuyinyibilikisa kwi-micelle. Ukunyibilikisa yinkqubo ye-micelles yokunyibilikisa izinto ze-lipophilic. Sisiphumo esikhethekileyo sabasebenzi bokusebenza. Ke ngoko, kuphela xa uxinzelelo lomntu osebenza kwisisombululo lungaphezulu koxinaniso lwe-micelle, kukho ii-micelles ezinkulu kwisisombululo. I-Solubilization yenzeka kuphela xa ixesha, kwaye ubukhulu bevolumu ye-micelle bukhulu, amandla amakhulu okunyibilikisa.

I-Solubilization yahlukile kwi-emulsification. I-Emulsification yinkqubo yezigaba ezininzi engazinzanga kwaye engazinzanga efumaneka ngokusasaza isigaba samanzi emanzini (okanye esinye isigaba solwelo), ngelixa isisombululo sinyanzelisa ukuba isisombululo esisinyibilikisiweyo kunye nezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo zikwisigaba esinye senkqubo enye efanayo kwaye izinzile isigaba. Ngamanye amaxesha umntu osebenza ngokufanayo uneziphumo zombini ze-emulsification kunye ne-solubilization, kodwa kuphela xa uxinzelelo lwayo lungaphezulu koxinzelelo lwe-micelle olunokubakho kwimiphumela yokunyibilikisa.

 

7.soft kwaye igudile

Xa iimolekyuli ezisebenza ngokukuko zilungelelaniswe nomphezulu welaphu, umlinganiso we-static friction coefficient welaphu unokuncitshiswa. Ezifana ne-alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, i-alkyl e-fatty acid i-polyoxyethylene ether kunye nezinye izinto ezingafunekiyo kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-cationic zinefuthe lokunciphisa ukungqinelani kokuqina kwelaphu, ukuze isetyenziswe isetyenziswe njengesithambisi selaphu. Izinto ezinokuphinda zisebenze ezine-alkyl okanye amaqela anevumba elimnandi azinakho ukwenza ulungelelwaniso olucocekileyo kumphezulu welaphu, ngenxa yoko azikulungelanga ukusetyenziswa njengesithambisi.

 

Isiphumo se-8

Amanye ama-anionic surfactants kunye ne-quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants kulula ukufunxa amanzi kwaye enze isisombululo sokuhambisa umphezulu welaphu, ngenxa yoko baneziphumo ze-antistatic kwaye zisetyenziswa njengee-antistatic agents zamalaphu e-fiber amalaphu. 9. ukusebenza bactericidal

Quaternary ammonium bactericides ineempawu zeekhompawundi zeionic. Zinyibilika ngokulula emanzini kodwa hayi kwizinyibilikisi ezingezizo ze-polar, kwaye zineempawu ezizinzileyo zeekhemikhali. Indlela yokusebenza kolu hlobo lwee-bactericides ikakhulu ngamandla e-electrostatic, amandla e-hydrogen bonding kunye nokubopha kwe-hydrophobic phakathi kweemolekyuli ezisebenzayo kunye neemolekyuli zeprotheyini, njl.njl., Ukubhengeza iintsholongwane ezihlawuliswe kakubi kwaye zibangele ukuba ziqokelele eludongeni lweseli, zibangele lysis kunye nemveliso . Igalelo lesithintelo kwigumbi libangela ukukhula kweentsholongwane kuthintelwe kunye nokufa. Kwangelo xesha, iqela lalo le-hydrophobic alkyl linokuphinda linxibelelane neqela le-hydrophilic yeebhaktiriya ukuze litshintshe ukubhobhoza kwenwebu, lize emva koko lenze i-lysis, litshabalalise ukwakheka kweseli, kwaye libangele ukonakala kweseli kunye nokufa. Olu hlobo lokubulala ukungunda lunokusebenza okuphezulu, ubuthi obuncinci, akukho bunjani, ityhefu elungeleleneyo ekulobeni, aluchaphazeleka ngokulula kukutshintsha kwe-pH, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, inefuthe lokuxobuka kumaleko wencindi, kwaye inezakhiwo zeekhemikhali ezizinzileyo, ukusasazeka kunye umhlwa inhibition Umsebenzi olungileyo kunye nezinye iimpawu.

Ukusukela oko kwafunyanwa isiphumo se-bactericidal of cationic surfactants kwi-1935, i-4 ukuya kwi-6-isizukulwane se-quaternary ammonium yetyuwa yeemveliso zebacteria ziye zaphuhliswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Isizukulwana sokuqala yialkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, njl .; isizukulwana sesibini sisiphumo esivela kwisizukulwana sokuqala, esenziwa kwisangqa se-benzene okanye i-nitrojeni yesine ye-quaternary ammonium ityuwa efunyenwe ngokuphendula endaweni: imveliso yesizukulwana sesithathu yi-dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, enjenge-didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, njl .; Isizukulwana sesine siyimveliso edibeneyo yesizukulwana sokuqala nesesithathu; Ifakwe endaweni yeetyuwa ze-ammonium eziphindwe kabini ezinje nge: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), zezama gemini okanye ezodidi lohlobo lwee-surfactants.

I-quaternary ammonium bactericide ayinayo kuphela intsholongwane, kodwa inefuthe lokuxobuka kwisilayidi. Ingabulala iintsholongwane ezinciphisa isulphate ezikhula phantsi kwesilayidi. Ikwanayo ne-corrosion-inhibiting kunye ne-synergistic effect xa isetyenziswa nezinye iiarhente. Eziqhelekileyo zi-1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (ishumi elinesine le-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradeconi