Ngokwendlela yokuhlelwa kweekhemikhali zentsimi yeoyile, iiarhente ezisebenza kumabala eoyile zinokwahlulwa sisicelo sibe zizinto ezisebenza ngokurhola ukomba, abasebenzi bezemigodi, abasebenza ngenqanawa ekuphuculeni isivuno, abasebenza ngokurhafela ioyile kunye nokuqokelelwa kwegesi, kunye nabasebenza ngokunyanga amanzi, njl.

 

Surfactant xa kusombiwa

Inani labasebenza ngokurola ukombiwa (kubandakanya ukubhola iiarhente zokunyanga ulwelo kunye neoyile yesamente yeoyile) lelona likhulu, libala malunga neepesenti ezingama-60 yabo bonke abasebenzi abasebenza kumabala eoyile. Inani labasebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenzayo ukubuyisa ioyile lincinci, kodwa umxholo walo wobuchwephesha uphezulu. Isixa sayo sinika ingxelo nge-1/3 yenani lilonke lama-surfactants asetyenziswa kwicandelo leoyile. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zeekhemikhali zihlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo kuma-surfactants kwicandelo leoyile.

 

Okwangoku, uphando malunga ne-arhente yokunyanga ulwelo lwehlabathi lubumbe imeko "yeentsika ezintathu" eMelika, eRashiya nase China. I-United States ithatha izinto ezahlukeneyo zepolymer njengezinto zophando. I-Russia ixhomekeke ikakhulu kumgaqo wokuba "izinto ezingabilwanga zitshiphu kwaye kulula ukuzifumana", kunye nenkunkuma eyahlukeneyo yezamashishini. Uphando lwaseTshayina lujolise ekusetyenzisweni ngokupheleleyo kwezinto zokwenza izinto zemveli kunye nophuhliso lweepolymers ezintsha zokwenziwa (kubandakanya ii-monomers).

Ujoliso lophando lwearhente yokunyanga ulwelo lwangaphandle lubalasele ngakumbi, Oko kukuthi, iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezisekwe kwiipholima zokwenziwa ezinamaqela e-acid ye-sulfonic, ekwangumkhombandlela wophuhliso wexesha elizayo.

 

Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990, isizukulwana esitsha se-polymer 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) yimveliso ezininzi zekopolymer ibe ngummeli weearhente zonyango zokumba ulwelo. Inkqubela phambili yokwenziwa kwezinto yenziwe kwiintlobo zokunciphisa i-viscosity, ukunciphisa okulahliweyo kolwelo kunye nezinto zokuthambisa. Ngokukodwa kule minyaka idlulileyo, ii-polymeric alcohol alcoholactact ezinefuthe lesiphumo selifu ziye zathandwa zaza zasetyenziswa kuwo onke amabala eoyile yasekhaya kunye noluhlu lweenkqubo ze-polymer zotywala zotywala.

Ukongeza, i-methyl gluconate kunye ne-glycerin esekwe kulwelo ifumene iziphumo ezilungileyo kwizicelo zentsimi, ibonisa ithemba elifanelekileyo lesicelo kunye nokukhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwabantu abasebenza ngokurhabaxa kulwelo. Okwangoku, iarhente yonyango yokumba ulwelo lwase China ikhule yaya kwiindidi ezili-18, amawaka eentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa konyaka okungama-300,000 eetoni.

 

Ngama-1980, ioyile yesamente yesamente yenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwii-1980s, kwaye uthotho lweemveliso zenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ekuphuhlisweni kweemveliso ezintsha, izinto zepolymer zokwenziwa ngokubanzi siseti yophando ekhethiweyo; ngo-1993, zonke iisamente ze-oyile e-China zaguqulwa zangumdibaniso ohlangabeze imigangatho ye-API. Iimveliso kunye admixtures ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza. Inkampani ivelise ngempumelelo i-SAF ekhethekileyo yeoyile ye-cement dispersant (i-acetone formaldehyde polycondensate), ehambelana kakhulu nomgangatho wokuqinisa kunye nokukhusela umaleko. I-Coagulants, i-retarders kunye ne-adhesive reinforcing agents nazo zibonise umfutho ophucukileyo, kwaye zenza i-oyile ekhethekileyo yokudibanisa isamente. Okwangoku, sele ikhule yaya kwiindidi ezingaphezu kwama-200 zeendidi ezili-11, kunye nedosi yonyaka yeetoni ezingamawaka aliqela.

 

SUrfactant yokubuyisela ioyile

Zimbalwa iindidi kunye nenani labasebenza ngokudibanisa iioyile xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezenziwa xa kusombiwa, ngakumbi i-asidi kunye nemveliso yokwahlulahlula. Phakathi kwamachiza asebenza ngokuqhekeka, iiarhente zejeli ziye zaphandwa ukuguqula iintsini zemifuno kunye neselulosi, kunye neepolymer ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa ezinjengepolyacrylamide.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe angaphandle akhule ngokuthe chu kwicandelo lezixhobo ezisebenza ngeasidi. Ujoliso lophando kunye nophuhliso luphuhliso lwe-inhibitors ye-corrosion ye-acidification. Ibonakaliswa kukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ukuguqula okanye ukuhlanganisa inhibitors. Izinto ezingasetyenziswanga kunye neemveliso azinetyhefu okanye zinetyhefu encinci, kwaye iimveliso zinobunyibiliko beoyile / bamanzi okanye ukusasazeka kwamanzi.

Amines, quaternary ammonium kunye neealtyetyicic alcoholin zininzi inani le-corrosion inhibitors, kunye nealdehyde corrosion inhibitors ziye zaphuhliswa kancinci ngenxa yetyhefu yabo. I-corrosion inhibitors zikwizinto ezintsonkothileyo ze-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid kunye neeseli eziphantsi zeemolekyuli (i-ethylamine, i-propylamine, i-C8-18 ye-amine ephambili, i-oleic acid diethanolamide), kunye neemulsifiers zeoyile yeoyile.

Ngokukodwa, kule minyaka idlulileyo, uphando olwenziwe kwiarhente esebenzayo yokuqhekeza ulwelo oluneasidi e China alonelanga, kwaye inkqubela phambili encinci yenziwe. Ukongeza kwi-corrosion inhibitors yokuchithwa kwencindi yeasidi ngexesha lophuhliso, zininzi ezinye iindidi, uninzi lwazo ziiamine (zaseprayimari amine, ezizisekondari amines, ephakamileyo amine, i-quaternary amide okanye iikhompawundi zazo), i-imidazoline kunye nezinye ezivela kuyo nazo iklasi ye-organic corrosion inhibitors esetyenziswa kwisixa esikhulu.

 

Sizixhobo zokuqokelela ioyile kunye negesi

Uphando, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabasebenza ngokudibanisa ioyile kunye negesi kunye nokuhambisa e-China kwaqala nge-1960s, kwaye ngoku kukho iindidi ezili-14 kunye namakhulu eemveliso. Phakathi kwazo, ioyile ekrwada yedemulsifier yeyona inkulu, kwaye ibango lonyaka limalunga neetoni ezingama-20 000. I-China iphuhlise iimveliso ezifanelekileyo ze-demulsifier yamacandelo eoyile ahlukeneyo, iintlobo ezininzi ziye zafikelela kwinqanaba lehlabathi kwii-1990s; Ngelixa ugalela iingcinezelo, ukuphucuka kokuhamba, izinto zokunciphisa i-viscosity kunye neearhente ezichasene ne-wax zimbalwa, kwaye uninzi lwazo lweemveliso ezintsonkothileyo, iioyile ezingcolileyo ezahlukeneyo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunzima kuphuhliso lweemveliso ezintsha ngenxa yeemfuno ezahlukileyo zamayeza asebenza ngokudakumba asetyenziselwa ukudakumba , Ukuphucuka kokuhamba, ukunciphisa i-viscosity kunye neenjongo zokususa i-wax.

 

Surfactant kunyango lwamanzi endle yeoyile 

. Iarhente yokunyanga amanzi kwindawo yeoyile iluhlobo olubalulekileyo lwekhemikhali yendawo yeoyile kuphuhliso lweoyile. Umyinge wonyaka weearhente zokucoca amanzi zingaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-60,000, apho ii-akhawunti ezisebenza ngokurhabaxa zimalunga ne-40%, nangona abasebenzi abasebenza kunyango lwamanzi e-oyile Ibango likhulu kakhulu, kodwa zimbalwa izinto eziphandwayo kubantu abasebenza kunyango lwamanzi e-China. Iindidi zamayeza asebenza ngenkani kunyango lwamanzi e-oyile azigqibeki, kwaye uninzi lweemveliso zingeniswa zivela kushishino lokucoca amanzi kumzi mveliso, kodwa ngenxa yamanzi endawo yeoyile. Ubunzima beemveliso eziziswe ngokuthe ngqo kunyango lwamanzi lwamashishini alusebenzi kakuhle, ngamanye amaxesha alusebenzi, kwaye akukho ndawo kujoliswe kuyo yokucoca amanzi kumhlaba weoyile. Uphando lwangaphandle olwenziwa ngabantu abasebenza ngokunyanga emanzini lusebenza kakhulu kuphuhliso lwee-flocculants, kwaye zininzi iimveliso ezivelisiweyo, kodwa azikho ninzi unyango lwelindle kumhlaba weoyile kunye negesi.

 

SUmsebenzi wokufumana ioyile ephezulu

Umgangatho weemveliso ezisebenza ngokukuko ukubuyiswa kweoyile ephezulu kumazwe angaphandle zizinzile kwaye inqanaba lemveliso likhulu. Okwangoku, ezinye iintlobo zamayeza asebenza kunye neepolymers zokufuduswa kweoyile sele zenziwe e-China, kodwa azinakho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokubuyiselwa kweoyile ephezulu. Imveliso yonyaka yee-alkylbenzenes ezisindayo kubantu abasebenza ngokudibanisa ioyile abangaphantsi kweetoni ezingama-20 000, ekunzima ukufezekisa iimfuno, kunye nobunzima beemolekyuli kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima beemolekyuli azilungelanga ii-surfactants ezisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ioyile.

Nangona usemninzi umsebenzi owenziweyo kulowo usebenza ngokutyibilikayo, awunako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezikhukula kwindawo yeoyile, kwaye kukho iingxaki kwisikali semveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. IDaqing, iShengli, iLiaohe, iDagang kunye namanye amasimi eoyile sele ephumeze isikhukula sepolymer, iDaqing Oilfield yakhe umzi-mveliso wepolyacrylamide ngokuvelisa iitoni ezingama-57,000 ngonyaka, kwaye uShengli Oilfield wakha isityalo sepolyacrylamide esiveliswa ngaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-20 000 ngonyaka.

Amanye amashishini emveliso anokuvelisa ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 t / ngonyaka. Imfuno yangoku yonyaka yepolymer yokufuduswa kweoyile ngamashumi amawaka eetoni. Isikali sinokuhlangabezana neemfuno, kodwa umgangatho wemveliso (njengobunzima beemolekyuli) Kusekho umsantsa phakathi kwawo nokunyibilika, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokugcwala kwetyuwa. Phakathi kweearhente zomphezulu ezisebenzayo kumabala eoyile, izixhobo zokubuyisa ioyile eziphakamileyo zezona khemikhali zithembisayo.