1. Umsebenzi obalaseleyo

Zininzi iintlobo zee-surfactants. Ngokweziphumo zabo, zezi: anionic 56%, non-ionic 36%, zwitterionic 5%, kunye necation 3%.

2. I-Anionic Surfactant

2.1 I-Anionic surfactant sulfonate. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa kolu hlobo zii-alkylbenzene sulfonate kunye ne-sodium α-alkenyl sulfonate. Isodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-LAS okanye i-ABS, ngumgubo omhlophe okanye okhanyayo omthubi okanye i-flake eqinileyo, enyibilikayo emanzini, nangona inokunyibilika kwamanzi kubushushu obuphantsi, kunye nokunyibilika kwayo emanzini kubushushu begumbi bungaphantsi kwe-3. Kodwa inyibilika kakuhle kwinkqubo yecompactant.

I-Alpha-alkenyl sodium sulfonate yaziwa ngokuba yi-AOS. Xa umxholo osebenzayo ungama-38% -40%, ukubonakala kulwelo olubonakalayo olutyheli, nolunyibilika ngokulula emanzini. Inokuzinza okuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwexabiso le-pH. Inokucaphuka okuncinci kulusu kunye nenqanaba lokuthotywa kwe-microbial yi-100%. Phakathi kwazo, i-LAS ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiishampu, kwaye kunqabile ukuba isetyenziswe kulwelo lokuhlamba. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwizicoci zokuhlamba iimpahla kunye nezicoci (i-tableware lotions). I-LAS kwisicoci inokuphendula malunga nesiqingatha se-surfactant iyonke, kwaye olona luhlu lotshintsho lwenxalenye ye-LA kwisicocisi esingamanzi sempahla sikhulu kakhulu.

I-AOS inomsebenzi ogqwesileyo phakathi kweentlobo ze-sulfonate. Inezibonelelo ze-sulfonates ngokubanzi okanye izibonelelo zayo zibalasele ngakumbi, ngaphandle kweziphene ze-sulfonates ngokubanzi. I-AOS yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezisetyenziswayo kwiishampoo kunye neshawari. Isicelo kwezinye izinto zokucoca ulwelo ziya kunyuka ngokuthe chu ngokuqondwa kwemveliso yangaphakathi (ukunciphisa amaxabiso). Izinto eziluncedo ezibalaseleyo ze-AOS kukuzinza okuhle, ukunyibilika kwamanzi, ukungqinelana okuhle, ukucaphuka okuphantsi, kunye nokonakaliswa kwezinto ezincinci; Eyona nto iphambili kukuba ixabiso libiza kakhulu phakathi kwama-anionic surfactants.

2.2 I-Anionic surfactant sulfate

Ngokuqhelekileyo iiarhente ezisebenzayo zinamafutha anetywala i-polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphate kunye ne-sodium lauryl sulfate. Utywala obunotywala obuninzi obunotywala obuninzi obunotywala obuninzi obunobumba obuninzi obunxilisayo obunesifo se-sulphate. Kulula ukunyibilika emanzini, ukubonakala kukukhanya kwe-viscous fluid ebonakalayo (eguqukayo) xa umxholo osebenzayo ungama-70%, kwaye uzinzo lungaphantsi kunesulfonates ngokubanzi. I-hydrolyzed ngokukhawuleza ngaphantsi kwe-pH4, kodwa inokuzinza okuhle kwe-hydrolytic kwindawo ye-alkaline.

Isodium sulfate lauryl sulphate ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-AS, K12, isodiyam cocoyl sulphate, isodiyam lauryl sulphate, iarhente egwebu. Iyanyibilika emanzini, kwaye ukunyibilika emanzini kwi-25 ° C imalunga ne-15, kodwa iqondo lokunyibilika kwamanzi lingaphantsi kune-AES. Ayikhathaleli i-alkali kunye namanzi anzima, kodwa uzinzo phantsi kweemeko ezine-asidi luphantsi kune-sulfonate ngokubanzi, kufutshane ne-AES, ukufudumeza ixesha elide akufuneki kudlule kuma-95 ℃, ukucaphuka kukuphakathi kwinqanaba le-surfactant, isisombululo se-10% sesisombululo 3.3, iphantsi ezantsi kune-AES, isezantsi kune-LAS.

I-AES ingasetyenziselwa ishampu, ulwelo lokuhlamba, isepha yokuhlamba izitya (ulwelo lokuhlamba izitya), kunye nesepha yokuhlamba impahla. Ukusetyenziswa, ukuba ixabiso le-pH livumela isalathiso somgangatho, ixabiso le-pH kufuneka lihlengahlengiswe phezulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngokungathathi hlangothi okanye ialkaline. Xa i-AES kufuneka isetyenziswe phantsi kweemeko ze-pH ezisezantsi (kwii-shampoos), ityuwa ye-ethanolamine isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ukunyibilika kwamanzi kwe-AES kungcono kune-AS; Inokulungiswa nakweyiphi na indawo yesisombululo se-aqueous esiselubala kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. I-AES ayisetyenziswanga nje ngokubanzi kwizicoci ezingamanzi kune-LAS, kodwa ikwanokuhambelana okungcono; Inokudityaniswa kunye nama-surfactants amaninzi kwi-binary okanye kwindibaniselwano ezininzi ukwenza isisombululo esingamanzi esicacileyo. Phakathi kwezinto ezenziwayo, ii-AES zikwindawo yesithathu kwimveliso, kwaye ixabiso liphantsi kunelo le-AS. Ngo-2002, i-70% ye-AES yathengiswa nge-8,500 yuan / t. Izinto eziluncedo ezibalaseleyo ze-AES kukucaphuka okuphantsi, ukunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambelana okuhle, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekuthinteleni ukoma kolusu kunye noburhabaxa; Okungalunganga kukuba uzinzo kwimithombo yeendaba eneasidi iphantsi kancinci-i-pH kufuneka ilawulwe ukuba ibe nkulu kakhulu kune-4, kwaye ukungangqinelani kungaphantsi kwe-LAS, AS.

I-AS isetyenziswa kwizicoci ezingamanzi, jonga imeko ye-pH ephakathi-iasidi ayiphezulu kakhulu; ityuwa ye-ethanolamine okanye ityuwa ye-ammonium kufuneka isetyenziswe kwi-shampoo; ityuwa ye-ethanolamine okanye ityuwa ye-ammonium ihlala isetyenziswa kulwelo lokuhlamba. Sebenzisa ityuwa ye-ethanolamine ayinakonyusa kuphela uzinzo lwe-asidi, kodwa ikwanceda ukunciphisa ukucaphuka. I-10% i-triethanolamine ityhu yokukhuthaza ityuwa 3.0. Ukuphindaphindwa kwesicelo se-AS kwizixhobo zokuhlamba izitya eziphantsi, kwaye kunqabile ukuba kusetyenziswe njengeyona nto iphambili ekusebenzeni, oko kukuthi, isixa sefomula sincinci. Esona sizathu siphambili kukuba akulunganga ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Okwesibini, olu hlobo lwemveliso alunamfuneko yokwenza amagwebu. Imigangatho ye-AS engu-5 kwimveliso yezixhobo ezenziwayo, kwaye ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu. Ngo-2002, ixabiso lomgubo wawuyi-15,000 yuan / t. Ngaphandle kwegwebu elilungileyo kunye nokukhuseleka okunamandla, i-AS ayilunganga njenge-AES kwezinye iinkalo. Umzekelo, ukumelana ne-asidi kunye nokuzinza kubi kancinci, kwaye ukucaphuka kukhulu kakhulu-kungaphantsi kwe-LAS, kwaye ixabiso lelona liphezulu phakathi kwabafaki be-anionic abaqhelekileyo.

3. INonionic Surfactant

Ezona ntlobo ziphambili ze-non-ionic surfactants zii-alkyl alcohol amides (FFA), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers (AE), alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ethers (APE okanye OP). Izinto ezisebenza nge-ionic zinokunyibilikisa okuhle, ukuhlamba, i-antistatic, ukucaphuka okuphantsi, ukusasazeka kwesalcium, njl. Uluhlu olusebenzayo lwe-pH lubanzi kunezinto ezisebenza ngokubanzi nge-ionic; isusa ukungcola kunye neepropathi. , Ezinye iipropathi zihlala zibhetele kunama-anionic surfactants ngokubanzi. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba ukongeza isixa esincinci se-non-ionic surfactants kwii-ionic surfactants kunokunyusa umphezulu womsebenzi wenkqubo-xa kuthelekiswa nomxholo ofanayo.

I-alkyl alcohol amides yiklasi ye-non-ionic surfactants enentsebenzo ephezulu, uluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo. Zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwizicocisi ezahlukeneyo zolwelo. I-alkyl alcohol amides esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimigqaliselo yolwelo yi "2: 1 amide" kunye ne "1.5: 1 amide", kunye ne "1: 1 amide" inokusetyenziswa. Ezi nkcukacha zintathu zinemidlalo eyahlukeneyo ngokwendlela yokunyibilika kwamanzi kunye nokuqina. Ngokubanzi, "1.5: 1 amide" iphakathi, kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwisepha. Ngokwesiqhelo, "i-1: 1 amide" isetyenziswa ngokudibanisa nezinye izinto ezinyibilikiswa ngamanzi ukuze inyibilike ngokulula. I-alkyl alcohol amides ifaneleke ngakumbi kwi-alkaline detergents, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa kwi-detergents jikelele. I-alkyl alcohol amide yenye yezona zinto zinexabiso eliphantsi ezingena-ionic, ixabiso ngo-2002 lalingama-7 800 yuan / t. I-alkyl alcohol amides isetyenziswa rhoqo kwizicoci ezingamanzi kunamafutha e-polyoxyethylene alcohol. Izixhobo ezingasetyenziswanga kwii-shampoo zihlala zii-alkyl alcohol amides. Izizathu zinokuba: Imisebenzi ebanzi ye-FFA ingcono okanye ingaphezulu kwe-AE; Iimveliso ze-FFA zibiza kakhulu kune-AE; Ukunyibilika kwe-FFA kungcono kune-AE; Ipropathi egwebu ye-FFA ibhetele kune-AE.

4. Zwitterionic surfactants

Ama-amphoteric surfactants abhekisa kuma-surfactants anamaqela e-anionic kunye ne-cationic hydrophilic, ke lo mfakeli wecactic yi-cationic kwizisombululo ze-asidi, i-anionic kwizisombululo ze-alkaline, kunye nezisombululo ezifanayo cala. Amayeza e-Amphoteric anyibilika ngokulula emanzini, anyibilike kwi-asidi egalelwe kunye nezisombululo zealkali, kwaye inokunyibilika kwizisombululo ezixineneyo zeetyiwa ezingaphiliyo. Banokumelana namanzi anzima, ulusu oluphantsi, ulusu oluthambileyo, kunye neempawu zokulwa. Okulungileyo, unefuthe elifanelekileyo le-bactericidal, kwaye unokuhambelana okuhle kunye ne-surfactants ezahlukeneyo.

Olu hlobo lwemveliso lunokusetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH, kodwa ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imeko ye-ionic ehambelanayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ezisisiseko se-asidi, ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezine-asidi kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kufanele kube ngcono kunokuba kunjalo phantsi kweemeko zealkaline. Ngokubanzi, ixabiso lama-zwitterionic surfactants liphezulu kunalawo e-nonionic surfactants.

Iindidi ezibalulekileyo ze-amphoteric surfactant zibandakanya i-dodecyl dimethyl betaine, carboxylate type imidazoline njalo njalo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-anionic surfactants, ii-nonionic surfactants zinokusebenza ngokukuko kunye neziphene ezimbalwa-kuphela ukuthintela kunye nokwenza amagwebu kubi kakhulu; xa kuthelekiswa ne-nonionic surfactants, ezinye iipropathi ze-amphoteric surfactants zingcono, enye intsebenzo ayibuyi mva. Ama-amphoteric surfactants anamandla okwenza amagwebu ngaphezu kwama-nonionic surfactants ngokubanzi-amandla okuswela amagwebu e-AE; ibacteric5 engcono. ICationic esebenzayo

Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-cationic surfactant lubandakanya i-cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic Silicone oil, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) njalo njalo. IiCationic surfactants zahlukile kwezinye ezisebenza ngokusebenza. Banokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye neepropathi ezinegwebu, kwaye bahlala benqanaba elithile lesifo esinetyhefu (esisezantsi).

IiCationic surfactants zisetyenziswa njenge co-surfactants kwizicoci ezingamanzi-icandelo lesimo esinexabiso elincinci lefomula; Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso ezinesiphelo esiphakamileyo, ubukhulu becala zisetyenziswa kwiishampu. IiCationic surfactants azihambelani ngokuthe ngqo nezixhobo ze-anionic. Ukuhambelana kweekati kunye neeonion kunokuvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo, kodwa umngcipheko wemvula (crystallization) mkhulu.

Zininzi iintlobo zee-cationic surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwi-shampoos, kwaye ukuphindaphinda kokusetyenziswa kukwahlakazeka-endaweni yokusebenzisa uhlobo olunye okanye ezimbini ngokungathandabuzekiyo, zihlala zenziwe zibe ziimeko zokulungisa. IiCationic surfactants zinesabelo esincinci esikhutshwayo kwii-surfactants, kwaye amaxabiso azo ahlala ebiza kakhulu kunezinye iintlobo zabasebenza ngokudada. Xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamayeza asebenza ngokufuthi, ii-cationic surfactants zineyona nto ibalulekileyo yohlengahlengiso kunye nefuthe elinamandla le-bactericidal; ngaphandle koncedo lokungasebenzi kakuhle, ukubhoboka amagwebu, ukungahambelani kakuhle, ukucaphuka okuphezulu, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu, ziyinxalenye yearhente yokujonga imeko kwiishampu zelwelo zokucoca ulwelo ezingenakutshintshwa zezinye iintlobo zabasebenza ngokudada. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-cationic surfactants inokusetyenziswa kuphela njengezinto zokumisa imeko okanye i-bactericides.