I-Abstract: Ixoxa ngemisebenzi yabasebenzi be-surfactants, njengokumanzisa, ukusasaza, ukwenza i-emulsifying, ukunyibilikisa, ukwenza amagwebu, ukungcolisa igama, ukuhlamba kunye nokususa ukungcola, njl.njl. Kwaye indima kwizithambiso, iisepha, amayeza, ukutya. Imeko yophuhliso lwabasebenza ngokudada emanzini ichaziwe.

1. Ukwahlulahlula ii-surfactants

Zininzi iindlela zokuhlela ii-surfactants, ezihlelwa ngokomthombo wabasebenza ngokusebenza. Izinto ezingafunekiyo zihlala zahlulwe zaziindidi ezintathu: izinto ezenziwayo zokwenziwa, izinto zendalo kunye nezinto eziphilayo.

Izinto ezingafunekiyo zingahlulwa ngokwamacandelo amane: i-anionic, i-cationic, i-zwitterionic kunye ne-nonionic ngohlobo lwee-ions ezenziwe liqela le-hydrophilic. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo, ezinesiseko se-hydrophobic liqela le-hydrocarbon, linokuqulatha izinto ezinje ngeoksijini, initrogen, isalfure, iklorini, ibromine, kunye ne-iodine kwimolekyuli, kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zii-hydrocarbon surfactants okanye ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo. Izinto ezingafunekiyo eziqulethe i-fluorine, i-silicon, i-phosphorus kunye ne-boron zibizwa ngokuba zi-surfactants ezizodwa. Ukuqaliswa kwe-fluorine, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, i-boron kunye nezinye izinto kunika ii-surfactants ezizodwa kunye nokusebenza ngokugqwesileyo. Iifluorine eziqulethe ii-surfactants yenye yezona ntlobo zibaluleke kakhulu zabasebenza ngokusebenza.

2. Eyona ndima iphambili yezixhobo zokwenza umthambo

(1) I-Emulsification: Ngenxa yokuphakama komphezulu weoyile esemanzini, xa ioyile ithontsizelwa emanzini, ivuselele ngamandla, ioyile ityunyuzwe ibe ngamaso amnandi kwaye ixutywe kwi-emulsion, kodwa ukuvusa kuyayeka kwaye maleko. Ukuba wongeza umntu osebenza ngokurhabaxa kwaye uxhokonxa ngamandla, ngekhe kube lula ukwahlula ixesha elide emva kokuyeka, oko kukuthi emulsification. Isizathu kukuba i-hydrophobicity yeoyile irhangqwe liqela le-hydrophilic ye-arhente esebenzayo, yenza umtsalane kwicala, ukunciphisa umsebenzi ofunekayo wokusasazeka kweoyile emanzini, kunye nokwenza ioyile inyibilike. Ukuya

(2) Impembelelo yokumanzi: Kuhlala kukho umaleko we-wax, igrisi okanye izinto ezinamaxolo eziqhotyoshelwe kumphezulu wenxalenye, eyi-hydrophobic. Ngenxa yongcoliseko lwezi zinto, umphezulu wamalungu akulula ukuba umanziswe ngamanzi. Xa ii-surfactants zongezwa kwisisombululo samanzi, amathontsi amanzi kwiindawo asasazeka ngokulula, nto leyo inciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lomhlaba lwamalungu kwaye ifezekise injongo yokumanzisa. Ukuya

(3) Ukunyibilikisa umhlaba: izinto ezinamafutha zinokuthi "zinyibilike" emva kokongeza ii-surfactants, kodwa oku kunyibilika kwenzeka kuphela xa uxinizelelo lomntu osebenza ngokufikelelayo efikelela kuxinaniso olubalulekileyo lwecolloid. Ubunyibiliko busekwe kwinto yokusombulula kwaye kuxhomekeke kubume. Ngokubhekiselele kwisolubilization, i-hydrophobic gene ye-hydrocarbon chain inamandla kune-short hydrocarbon chain, i-hydrocarbon chain eqinekileyo inamandla ngaphezu kwe-hydrocarbon chain, kwaye i-solubilization ye-nonionic surfactants ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuya

(4) Isiphumo sokusasazeka: amasuntswana aqinileyo afana nothuli kunye nokungcola masuntswana kulula ukudibanisa kunye, kwaye kulula ukuhlala emanzini. Iimolekyuli zezixhobo ezisebenza ngokudibeneyo zinokwahlulahlulahlula-hlula iziqwengana eziqinileyo zibe ngamasuntswana acolekileyo, athe asasazeka amiswa kwisisombululo. Dlala indima ekukhuthazeni ukusasazeka okufanayo kwamasuntswana aqinileyo. (5) Isiphumo sogwebu: Ukubunjwa kwe-foam ikakhulu kukukhangelwa kwe-arhente esebenzayo, okubangelwa kukuhla koxinzelelo lomhlaba phakathi kwegesi kunye nezigaba ezingamanzi. Ngokubanzi, iiarhente ezisisisindo esisezantsi ezisebenza ngokulula zilula ukwenza amagwebu, ii-arhente ezinobunzima obuphezulu ezinobunzima zinogwebu oluncinci, i-myristic acid etyheli ineyona ndawo iphezulu kakhulu yokugalela amagwebu, kunye ne-sodium stearate ineempawu ezinegwebu. Iiarhente zeAnionic ezisebenzayo zineempawu ezingcono zokugwebu kunye nozinzo lwegwebu kunezo zingezo-ionic. Umzekelo, i-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate inezixhobo ezinamandla eziqhumayo. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqinisa amagwebu zibandakanya i-fatty alcohol amide, i-carboxymethyl cellulose, njl.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSurfactant

Ukusetyenziswa kwamashishini asebenza ngokungahlulwahlulwahlulwahlulwe ngokwezicelo zasekuhlaleni nezamashishini. Ngokwedatha, isibini kwisithathu sabantu abadlala ngokungekho sikweni basetyenziswa kwiimveliso zokhuselo lomntu; Izinto zokucoca zokwenziwa zezinye zeemarike ezinkulu zabathengi bezinto ezisebenza ngokudibeneyo. Iimveliso zibandakanya umgubo wokuhlamba, iisepha ezingamanzi, iisepha zokuhlamba izitya kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo zekhaya. Ukucoca iimveliso kunye neemveliso zokhuselo lomntu: i-shampoo, i-conditioner, i-cream cream, i-gel yeenwele, i-lotion, i-toner, i-facial cleanser, njl. Njl. Iinkalo zesicelo sayo zibandakanya ushishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo, ishishini lesinyithi, ipeyinti, ipeyinti, ishishini lombala, imboni yeplastikhi, ishishini lokutya, ishishini lephepha, uMzi mveliso wesikhumba, ukuhlola ipetroleum, ishishini lezinto zokwakha, ishishini lezemigodi, ishishini lamandla, njl. .

3.1.1 Umsebenzi ococekileyo kwizithambiso

Izinto zokurhafisa zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizithambiso ezahlukeneyo njengeemulsifiers, izinto zokungena ngaphakathi, iisepha, izinto zokuthambisa, izinto zokumanzisa, iibactericides, izixhobo zokusasaza, izinyibilikisi, iiarhente ze-antistatic, idayi yeenwele, njlnjl. Izinto ezingasebenziyo ze-ionic zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizithambiso kuba azicaphukisi kwaye iyahambelana ngokulula namanye amacandelo. Ngokubanzi, zizinto ezinamafutha acid kunye nee polyether.

3.1.2 Iimfuno zezithambiso zamayeza asebenza emanzini

Ukubunjwa kwemixube yezithambiso yahlukile kwaye inzima. Ukongeza kwizinto zeoyile kunye namanzi, kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo, izinto zokubambisa, iincasa kunye nombala, njl njl. Ngokwenza izinto zokuthambisa ngakumbi nangakumbi kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi, iindidi zamachiza asetyenziswa kwizithambiso nazo ziyanda. Izinto zokucoca ulwelo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwizithambiso akufuneki zibe nolusu olucaphukisayo, akukho ziphumo zecala ziyityhefu, kwaye ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zokungabinambala, akukho livumba lingathandekiyo kunye nozinzo oluphezulu.

3.2 Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza asebenza kwizicoci

Izixhobo zokucoca umzimba zinemisebenzi efanelekileyo yokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, kwaye sele ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwiimveliso zokucoca. I-Surfactant lelona candelo liphambili lesicoci. Inxibelelana nobumdaka naphakathi kobumdaka kunye nomphezulu oqinileyo (njengokumanzi, ukugcwala, ukugungxula, ukunyibilikisa, ukusasaza, ukukhupha amagwebu, njlnjl.) Kunye nokusebenzisa ithuba lokuvuselelwa kweMechanical lifumana isiphumo sokuhlamba. Ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-anionic kunye ne-nonionic surfactants. Iicationic kunye neamphoteric surfactants zisetyenziswa kuphela kwimveliso yeentlobo ezithile ezikhethekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yezicoci. Ezona ntlobo ziphambili yi-LAS (ibhekisa kwi-alkyl benzene sulfonate), i-AES (i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulphate), i-MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), i-AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), i-Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, i-asidi diethanolamine, uhlobo lwe-amino acid, uhlobo lwe-betaine, njl.

3.3 Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza asetyenziswayo kushishino lokutya

3.3.1 Izinto zokumisa ukutya ngotywala kunye nezokujiyisa Indima ebaluleke kakhulu yabantu abasebenza kumashishini okutya kukusebenza njengeemulsifiers kunye neethicken. I-Phospholipids zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu emulsifiers kunye neziqinisi. Ukongeza kwi-phospholipids, i-emulsifiers esetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ine-fatty acid glycerides S, ikakhulu monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, soybean phospholipids, gum arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin kunye neqanda leqanda njl.njl. I-Thickeners yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: eyendalo kunye neyokhemikhali eyenziweyo. Ukuqina kwendalo kubandakanya isitatshi, i-gum arabic, i-guar gum, i-carrageenan, i-pectin, i-agar, kunye ne-alginic acid eyenziwe ngezityalo kunye nolwandle. Kukwakho negelatin, icasein kunye nesodiyasi eyenziwe ngephepha elenziwe ngezilwanyana ezineeprotein kunye nezityalo. Kwaye i-xanthan gum yenziwe ngamagciwane. Ezona zinto zisetyenziswayo zisetyenziswayo zii-carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, i-cellulose glycolic acid kunye ne-sodium polyacrylate, istarch starch glycolate, istarch starch phosphate, methyl cellulose kunye ne-polyacrylic acid Sodium njl.

3.3.2 Izinto zokugcina ukutya eRhamnose esters zineempawu ezithile zokulwa intsholongwane, intsholongwane kunye ne-anti-mycoplasma. I-Sucrose esters nayo inefuthe elikhulu kuthintelo kwii-microorganisms, ngakumbi ukwenza i-gram-positive bacteria.

3.3.3 Ukusasazeka kokutya, iiarhente ezinegwebu, njl. Ukongeza ekusetyenzisweni njengeemulsifiers kunye nokujiya kwimveliso yokutya, izinto ezisebenza ngokuseleyo zinokusetyenziswa njengezihambisa, iiarhente zokumanzisa, iiarhente ezinegwebu, ii-defoamers, iiarhente zolawulo lwekristallisisi, Ukucoca kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokugcina ukutya. . Umzekelo, ukongeza i-0.2-0.3% ye-soy phospholipids xa i-granulating yonke i-powder powder ingaphucula i-hydrophilicity yayo kunye nokusabalalisa, kwaye inokutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa ngexesha lokulungiselela. Xa usenza iikeyiki kunye ne-ayisi khrim, ukongeza i-glycerol fatty acid kunye ne-sucrose fat kunokuba nefuthe legwebu, eliluncedo kwimveliso yenani elikhulu lamaqamza. Ekuvelisweni kobisi olunamanzi kunye neemveliso zesoya, ukongeza i-asidi ye-glycerol fatty inefuthe lokuchacha.

3.3.4 Ukusetyenziswa kokukhutshwa kunye nokwahlulwa kwebala, izinto ezinuka kamnandi, izinto ezisebenza ngokusebenza kunye nemveliso ebilileyo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-surfactants ziye zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekukhupheni nasekwahlukaneni kwezinto zendalo ekutyeni okunje ngombala, izithako zencasa, izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo kunye nemveliso ebilileyo.

3.4 Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza asebenza kummandla weyeza

I-Surfactants inemisebenzi yokumanzisa, i-emulsifying, i-solubilizing, njl.njl., Ke zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinto zokuxuba amayeza, ngakumbi kwitekhnoloji yokuxuba amayeza eye yaphuhliswa kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ekudityanisweni kweziyobisi, ii-surfactants zinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokudlulisa isigaba, ezinokuthi zitshintshe iqondo lokusombulula ii-ion, ngaloo ndlela zonyuse ukwenziwa kwakhona kwee-ion, zenze ukuba impendulo iqhubeke kwinkqubo engafaniyo, kwaye iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza ngokukuko. Izinto ezi-Surfactants zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi kunye nezikhuthazi kuhlalutyo, ngakumbi kwimithi yokubona amayeza ye-fluorescence. Ngokubulala iintsholongwane kulusu, inxeba okanye inwebu yokubulala inwebu yangaphakathi, isixhobo sokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kwindalo ngaphambi kotyando kumzi mveliso wamayeza, ii-surfactants zinokunxibelelana ngamandla neeproteni ze-biofilm ukuhambisa okanye ukuphulukana nomsebenzi wazo, kwaye zisetyenziswa njengebactericides kunye nezibulala-ntsholongwane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.

4. Uphuhliso lwala majoni atyibilikisayo

Umkhombandlela wophuhliso wabasebenza ngokusebenza emanzini uza kubonakala kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

4.1 Buyela kwindalo;

4.2 Guqula iikhemikhali eziyingozi;

4.3 Hlamba kwaye usebenzise ubushushu begumbi;

4.4 Sebenzisa emanzini anzima ngaphandle kwezongezo;

4.5 Ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo olunokunyanga ngokufanelekileyo ulwelo lwenkunkuma, amanzi amdaka, uthuli, njl.

4.6 Izinto ezisebenzayo ezinokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa, izibaso, kunye nemveliso;

4.7 Abaququzeleli bemisebenzi emininzi;

4.8 Izinto ezisahlulahlula izinto ezilungiswe kwimizi-mveliso okanye inkunkuma yasezidolophini esekwe kubuchwephesha bezinto eziphilayo

4.9 Phinda usetyenzise ukusebenza ngokukuko okuphezulu kunye nefuthe lokudibana okuveliswa yitekhnoloji yoqulunqo.